Introduction to the Successful Integration and Application of Physicochemical Treatment Process Technology

Coagulation and Sedimentation Process
Process Overview
Coagulation and sedimentation is a treatment method that involves adding coagulants to water to destabilize colloidal particles or fine suspended solids, forming larger flocs that are then removed by gravity settling.
Key Steps:
Addition of coagulants (e.g., aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride)
Rapid mixing to ensure full contact between coagulants and impurities
Slow stirring for flocculation to form flocs
Sedimentation separation to remove flocs via gravity settling
Application Features:
·Suitable for removing suspended solids, turbidity, certain organic 
matter, and heavy metals
·Simple operation and low cost
·Commonly used in pretreatment of drinking water and primary treatment of industrial wastewater
Oxidation-Reduction Process
Process Overview
The oxidation-reduction process utilizes chemical oxidants or reductants to react with pollutants in water, converting harmful substances into non-toxic or easily removable forms through oxidation or reduction reactions.
Process Overview
The oxidation-reduction process utilizes chemical oxidants or reductants to react with pollutants in water, converting harmful substances into non-toxic or easily removable forms through oxidation or reduction reactions.
Application Features:
·Widely used for removing heavy metals and toxic/hazardous substances (e.g., cyanides, chromium, arsenic).
·Can be combined with other treatment units, such as coagulation-sedimentation or filtration.
·Precise and efficient, suitable for moderately to highly contaminated water.

Media Filtration Process
Process Overview
Media filtration refers to the process of physically or chemically adsorbing and retaining suspended solids, colloids, and certain organic matter in water through a filter media layer (such as quartz sand, activated carbon, anthracite, manganese sand, etc.).
 Common Types:
Sand filtration (removes suspended solids)
Activated carbon filtration (adsorbs organic matter and odors)
Multi-media filtration (layered filter media for improved efficiency)
Manganese sand filtration (removes iron and manganese ions)
Application Features:
·Effective water quality improvement, producing clearer effluent
·Often used as a polishing step after coagulation-sedimentation
·Suitable for water reuse systems and drinking water purification

Microfiltration Membrane Process
Process Overview
MF (Microfiltration) is a membrane separation technology primarily based on physical sieving. Utilizing membrane materials with pore sizes of 0.1-1 μm, it employs pressure to drive water flow, allowing water molecules and dissolved substances to pass through while retaining suspended particles, bacteria, and other contaminants on the membrane surface.
Primary Removal Targets:
Suspended solids & colloids
Microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, algae)
Partial macromolecular organic matter
Application Features:
Pretreatment for drinking water
Industrial wastewater preliminary treatment
High-precision filtration alternative to traditional sand filtration
Key Features:
Chemical-free process, environmentally friendly operation
High separation efficiency with stable effluent quality
Modular & automated operation for easy integration
Requires periodic membrane cleaning (moderate maintenance cost)

Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membrane Process
Process Overview
RO (Reverse Osmosis) is a precision membrane separation technology utilizing semi-permeable membranes with pore sizes of approximately 0.0001 microns. By applying high pressure to overcome osmotic pressure, it allows water molecules to pass through while rejecting most dissolved substances (salts, heavy metals, organic matter, etc.), making it one of the most refined membrane separation technologies available.
Primary Removal Targets:
Dissolved salts (Na+, Cl-, SO22- etc.)
Heavy metal ions
Organic pollutants (pesticides, antibiotics)
Bacteria and viruses
Application Features:
·Ultrapure water production (electronics/pharmaceutical industries)
·Seawater desalination
·Advanced industrial wastewater treatment & reuse
·Drinking water desalination & softening